0x0c / 0x0eHow do I prove something without revealing it?
Zero-Knowledge Proofs
SNARKs, STARKs, folding, polynomial commitments, and what they enable, from anonymous credentials and private payments to proofs about email and machine learning.
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Guides
Technologies
General-purpose zkVMs
Deep dive
Usable
Semaphore
Deep dive
Usable
Zcashalso in money
Deep dive
Usable
ZK Rollups
Deep dive
Usable
BitVM
Deep dive
Experimental
TLSNotary
Deep dive
Experimental
ZK Email
Deep dive
Experimental
ZKML: Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning
Deep dive
Experimental
Tornado Cash and Privacy Pools
Deep dive
! Cautionary
Reference and research
Directory51 curated links
Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems
- zk-SNARKs — Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments of Knowledge — compact proofs verifiable in milliseconds
- Bulletproofs — Short proofs for confidential values without trusted setup (Bünz et al., 2018)
- Circom & SnarkJS — Domain-specific language and toolchain for writing and verifying zk-SNARK circuits
- Arkworks — Rust ecosystem for programming and composing zk-SNARK protocols
- Zilch — STARK framework for scalable, transparent zero-knowledge arguments without trusted setup
ZK Rollups & Scaling
- zkSync Era — ZK rollup on Ethereum supporting smart contracts with native account abstraction
- Scroll — Bytecode-level compatible ZK rollup for Ethereum using proof of correctness
- Polygon zkEVM — Open-source ZK rollup offering EVM equivalence
- Starknet — Layer-2 network using STARK proofs for scalable dApp computation
- Starknet 2025 Review — BTC staking, BTCFi, and privacy developments
- Mina Protocol — Minimal-blockchain using recursive SNARKs to maintain a constant 22KB chain
- Taiko — Fully decentralized Ethereum-equivalent ZK rollup with zero code changes for Ethereum dApps
- Taiko Shasta Upgrade — April 2026 upgrade with up to 22x lower costs for block proposers
- Aztec Network — Privacy-first ZK rollup with private smart contracts using Noir language
- Linea — ConsenSys zkEVM L2 rollup with EVM-equivalence and native ETH yield (September 2025 token)
- Manta Network — Modular ZK rollup with Universal Circuits for privacy-preserving applications
Privacy-Focused ZK
- Aztec Documentation — Developer guides for private smart contracts on Ethereum's privacy-first zkRollup
- Tornado Cash — Non-custodial Ethereum privacy solution using ZK proofs (note: sanctioned by OFAC)
- Nocturne — Privacy protocol using ZK proofs for shielded Ethereum transactions
- Zcash — Privacy-preserving cryptocurrency using zk-SNARKs (Halo 2)
ZK Identity & Credentials
- Polygon ID — ZK identity protocol for privacy-preserving verification on blockchain
- zkPass — Privacy-preserving identity verification using ZK proofs and TLS
- anon-aadhaar — ZK protocol to prove possession of Aadhaar (Indian ID) without revealing identity
- Semaphore — Generic ZK privacy layer for anonymous group membership proofs and signaling
- MACI — Minimal Anti-Collusion Infrastructure for private, anti-bribery on-chain voting
- Dock Wallet — Self-sovereign identity platform guide (2026)
ZK Frameworks & Libraries
- Noir — Domain-specific language for SNARK circuits with ACIR-compatible proving systems
- OpenZeppelin ZK — Secure circuit design and ZK implementation auditing
- Awesome MPC — Curated list of multi-party computation resources
- ZK Framework Survey — Quantitative benchmarks and developer guide for choosing ZK frameworks
- Rumble Fish ZK Projects — Top ZK projects reshaping blockchain in 2025
- Understanding zk-SNARKs: Research to Practice — Comprehensive walk-through for practitioners focusing on usability and library selection
- Top Zero-Knowledge ZK Projects 2026 — Top ZK crypto projects by market cap
Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machines (zkVM)
- RISC Zero — Zero-knowledge verifiable general computing platform emulating RISC-V (17K stars)
- Jolt — a16z's fast, extensible RISC-V zkVM using sumcheck and lookup arguments
- Nexus zkVM — Modular, prover-optimized zkVM written in Rust (3.5K stars)
- SP1 — Succinct's zkVM achieving real-time Ethereum proving (4.5K stars)
- OpenVM — Modular zkVM framework for custom instructions, Rust frontends, and Ethereum verification
- Valida zkVM — Archived STARK-based zkVM focused on code reuse, performance, and modularity
- awesome-zkvm — Curated list of zkVM projects and resources
Ethereum Privacy Tooling
- Kohaku Wallet — Ethereum Foundation reference wallet embedding on-chain privacy through the Kohaku SDK
- Kohaku — Ethereum Foundation privacy-first tooling monorepo for Railgun, Privacy Pools, provider abstraction, and PQ accounts
- Privacy Pools Core — ZK contracts, circuits, relayer, and SDK for approved-set private Ethereum transfers
- Privacy Pools — Ethereum privacy pool prototype using zero-knowledge proofs and association sets
Resources
- Awesome Zero-Knowledge Proofs — Curated list of ZKP implementations, libraries, and educational resources
- ZK learning resources from 0xPARC — Educational materials for learning ZK cryptography
- awesome-zk — Curated directory of ZK projects, libraries, tools, and learning resources
- web3privacy — Market overview of privacy-preserving Web3 protocols, wallets, infrastructure, and research
General-purpose Proofs
- RISC Zero receipts — Program image IDs, public journals and proof verification
- SP1 security model — Program safety, proof assumptions and which proof modes provide zero knowledge
Web Provenance
- TLSNotary — MPC-TLS, selective disclosure and the trust placed in a notary