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Bibliography

Sources

Canonical bibliography for this library — papers, RFCs, books, and notable repositories. Per-section sub-headers anchor the references each topic file's "Primary Sources" pulls from. Cite with the section anchor: [Sources § Confidential Computing](/sources/).

Standards Bodies & Aggregators

Confidential Computing

Foundational + currently-relevant references for Overview - Confidential Computing and the deep-dives.

  • McKeen et al., Innovative Instructions and Software Model for Isolated Execution, HASP 2013 — original SGX paper.
  • Costan & Devadas, Intel SGX Explained, IACR 2016/086.
  • AMD, SEV-SNP Whitepaper: Strengthening VM Isolation with Integrity Protection and More, 2020.
  • Cheng et al., Intel TDX Whitepaper, 2021.
  • ARM, Confidential Compute Architecture (CCA) Software Stack, 2022.
  • Birrell et al., Apple Private Cloud Compute, 2024 (architectural overview).
  • RFC 9334, Remote ATtestation procedureS (RATS) Architecture, 2023.
  • Van Bulck et al., Foreshadow (USENIX Security 2018), and subsequent SGX side-channel papers (LVI, ÆPIC Leak, CacheWarp, Hertzbleed).
  • NVIDIA, Confidential Computing on Hopper Architecture, 2023.
  • Confidential Containers (CoCo) project — github.com/confidential-containers.

Implementations

Cryptography (FHE / PIR / WoT)

For Overview - Fully Homomorphic Encryption, Overview - Private Information Retrieval, Overview - Web of Trust.

FHE

  • Rivest, Adleman, Dertouzos, On Data Banks and Privacy Homomorphisms, 1978.
  • Gentry, A Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme, Stanford PhD thesis, 2009.
  • Brakerski, Gentry, Vaikuntanathan, Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping, ITCS 2012.
  • Fan & Vercauteren, Somewhat Practical Fully Homomorphic Encryption, IACR 2012/144.
  • Cheon et al., Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers (CKKS), ASIACRYPT 2017.
  • Chillotti et al., Faster Fully Homomorphic Encryption: Bootstrapping in less than 0.1 Seconds (TFHE), ASIACRYPT 2016.
  • OpenFHE — openfhe.org
  • Zama Concrete / fhEVM — zama.ai
  • Microsoft SEAL — github.com/microsoft/SEAL

PIR

  • Chor, Goldreich, Kushilevitz, Sudan, Private Information Retrieval, JACM 1998.
  • Aguilar-Melchor & Gaborit, Lattice-based PIR (XPIR), 2015.
  • Angel et al., PIR with Compressed Queries and Amortized Query Processing / SealPIR, IEEE S&P 2018.
  • Mughees, Chen, Ren, OnionPIR: Response-Efficient Single-Server PIR, ACM CCS 2021.
  • Menon & Wu, Spiral: Fast, High-Rate Single-Server PIR via FHE Composition, ePrint 2022/368 / IEEE S&P 2023.
  • Davidson, Pestana, Celi et al., FrodoPIR: Simple, Scalable, Single-Server Private Information Retrieval, ePrint 2022/981 / PoPETS 2023.
  • Henzinger et al., One Server for the Price of Two: Simple and Fast Single-Server Private Information Retrieval, ePrint 2022/949 / USENIX Security 2023.
  • Li, Micciancio, Raykova, Schultz-Wu, Hintless Single-Server Private Information Retrieval, ePrint 2023/1733.
  • Menon & Wu, YPIR: High-Throughput Single-Server PIR with Silent Preprocessing, USENIX Security 2024.
  • Apple, Swift Homomorphic Encryption and PIR / PNNS docs — github.com/apple/swift-homomorphic-encryption.

Web of Trust

  • Zimmermann, PGP User's Guide, 1991.
  • Ulrich, Holz, Hauck, Carle, An Investigation of the OpenPGP Web of Trust, ESORICS 2011.
  • Stiegler, An Introduction to Petname Systems, 2005.

Decentralized DNS

For Overview - Decentralized DNS.

  • Aiello, Hartshorn et al., PKARR — Public-Key-Addressable Resource Records over Mainline DHT, 2023.
  • ENS Core Team, ENS Documentation, docs.ens.domains.
  • Handshake, handshake.org, 2018-.
  • Schanzenbach et al., The GNU Name System, RFC 9498, 2023.
  • Maymounkov & Mazières, Kademlia: A Peer-to-Peer Information System Based on the XOR Metric, IPTPS 2002.

Decentralized Compute

For Overview - Decentralized Compute.

Decentralized Storage

For Overview - Decentralized Storage and the 12 deep-dives.

Off-Grid / Mesh

For Overview - Off-Grid Networks, Off-Grid Messaging, and the deep-dives.

Financial Sovereignty (Bitcoin / Lightning)

For Overview - Financial Sovereignty and the 06 deep-dives.

Bitcoin foundations

  • Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, 2008.
  • Antonopoulos, Mastering Bitcoin, 3rd ed., O'Reilly 2023.
  • BIPs — github.com/bitcoin/bips, notably BIP-32 (HD), BIP-39 (mnemonics), BIP-174 (PSBT), BIP-340/341/342 (Taproot).

Lightning

Privacy

  • Maxwell, CoinJoin: Bitcoin privacy for the real world, bitcointalk.org 2013.
  • Móczár & Ficsór, WabiSabi: Centrally Coordinated CoinJoins with Variable Amounts, IACR 2021/206.
  • BIP-78 Payjoin.
  • Chaum, Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments, 1982/83 (foundational for Cashu ecash).
  • Cashu protocol + NIP-60/61 — github.com/cashubtc, nostr-protocol/nips.
  • Fedimint — federated threshold variant.
  • TEE Cashu mint research (2026) — public notes from calle (Cashu); attestation patterns cross-ref Confidential Computing sources.

Encrypted Messaging

For Overview - Encrypted Messaging and the 07 deep-dives.

  • Marlinspike & Perrin, X3DH Key Agreement, 2016.
  • Perrin & Marlinspike, Double Ratchet Algorithm, 2016.
  • Kret & Marlinspike, PQXDH Key Agreement, 2023.
  • Cohn-Gordon et al., A Formal Security Analysis of the Signal Messaging Protocol, EuroS&P 2017.
  • RFC 9420, MLS — Messaging Layer Security, 2023.
  • Matrix Specification — spec.matrix.org.
  • fiatjaf, Nostr Protocol, 2020.
  • NIPs registry — github.com/nostr-protocol/nips.
  • Marmot Protocol — github.com/marmot-protocol/marmot (MIP-00 through MIP-05).
  • RFC 9750, MLS Protocol Architecture, IETF, 2024.
  • OpenMLS — github.com/openmls/openmls.
  • mls-rs — github.com/awslabs/mls-rs.
  • Cohn-Gordon et al., On Ends-to-Ends Encryption: Asynchronous Group Messaging with Strong Security Guarantees (TreeKEM origin), CCS 2018.
  • Poberezkin, SimpleX Messaging Protocol, 2021.
  • van den Hooff et al., Vuvuzela, SOSP 2015.
  • Angel & Setty, Pung, OSDI 2016.

Mix Networks

For Overview - Mix Networks and Mix Networks Friday - Global Passive Adversary Defense and Research Frontier.

Foundational

  • Chaum, Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms, CACM 1981.
  • Möller et al., Mixmaster Protocol Version 2, IETF draft.
  • Danezis, Dingledine, Mathewson, Mixminion: Design of a Type III Anonymous Remailer Protocol, IEEE S&P 2003.
  • Dingledine, Mathewson, Syverson, Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router, USENIX Security 2004.
  • Danezis & Goldberg, Sphinx: A Compact and Provably Secure Mix Format, IEEE S&P 2009.
  • Piotrowska et al., The Loopix Anonymity System, USENIX Security 2017.
  • Chen et al., HORNET: High-speed Onion Routing at the Network Layer, ACM CCS 2015 / arXiv:1507.05724.

Production implementations

Post-quantum mixnet research

  • CTIDH: Faster Constant-Time CSIDH, IACR 2021/633 (Katzenpost PQ KEM).
  • Rial, Piotrowska et al., Outfox: A Postquantum Packet Format for Layered Mixnets, ACM SIGCOMM 2025. arxiv.org/html/2412.19937
  • Mahdi Rahimi, MOCHA: Mixnet Optimization Considering Honest Client Anonymity, ePrint 2025/861 / IH&MMSEC 2025. eprint.iacr.org/2025/861
  • Nox: A Sphinx Mixnet for Anonymous Blockchain Transaction Relay, 2024-2025. papers.hisoka.io/nox.pdf

Sphinx libraries

Zero-Knowledge

For Overview - Zero-Knowledge Proofs.

  • Goldwasser, Micali, Rackoff, The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof Systems, SICOMP 1989.
  • Groth, On the Size of Pairing-Based Non-Interactive Arguments (Groth16), EUROCRYPT 2016.
  • Gabizon, Williamson, Ciobotaru, PLONK, IACR 2019/953.
  • Ben-Sasson et al., Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity (STARKs), 2018.
  • Bowe et al., Halo: Recursive Proof Composition without a Trusted Setup, 2019.

Post-Quantum

For Overview - Post-Quantum Cryptography.

  • NIST PQC project — csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography.
  • FIPS 203 (ML-KEM), FIPS 204 (ML-DSA), FIPS 205 (SLH-DSA).
  • Bernstein et al., Kyber and Dilithium original submissions.
  • Castryck & Decru, An efficient key recovery attack on SIDH, EUROCRYPT 2023 (the SIKE break).

Identity

For Overview - Decentralized Identity and Overview - Identity & Pseudonymity.

Books

  • Schneier, Applied Cryptography, 20th-anniversary ed.
  • Boneh & Shoup, A Graduate Course in Applied Cryptography — toc.cryptobook.us.
  • Katz & Lindell, Introduction to Modern Cryptography, 3rd ed.
  • Antonopoulos, Mastering Bitcoin, 3rd ed.
  • Antonopoulos & Osuntokun, Mastering the Lightning Network, O'Reilly 2021.

Curated External Indices

Primary sources