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[ REFERENCE ][ PRIVACY-ENHANCING CRYPTOGRAPHY ]

PIR Implementations and Libraries

Also PIR Tracker, PIR Libraries.

Comprehensive tracker of all known PIR implementations, libraries, and codebases. Organized by era, maturity, and access method.

updated 2026-10-14 13 min read
Contents

Foundational Implementations (Pre-2023)

SealPIR

Field Value
Source Microsoft Research
Year 2018
Paper Angel, Chen, Laine, Setty, "PIR with Compressed Queries and Amortized Query Processing," IEEE S&P 2018
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/1142.pdf
Repo https://github.com/microsoft/SealPIR
Language C++ (using Microsoft SEAL)
License MIT
Scheme RLWE-based CPIR
Key feature Compressed queries + amortized server work
Throughput ~MB/s range
Status Research library; widely referenced, not production

SealPIR was the first practical PIR library that researchers could reasonably experiment with. It compresses client queries to reduce communication and amortizes server-side computation across multiple database entries. While superseded in throughput by SimplePIR-class schemes, it remains important for understanding the FHE-based PIR approach.

XPIR

Field Value
Source Academic (Aguilar Melchor et al.)
Year 2014/2016
Paper "XPIR: Private Information Retrieval for Everyone," PETS 2016
Scheme Lattice-based CPIR
Status Historical; superseded

FastPIR (2021)

Field Value
Year 2021
Scheme RLWE-based
Note Improved SealPIR-class performance

Spiral (2022)

Field Value
Source Stanford (Menon & Wu)
Year 2022
Paper "Spiral: Fast, High-Rate Single-Server PIR via FHE Composition," IEEE S&P 2022
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/368
Scheme FHE composition
Note Reduced latency but still limited by expensive online homomorphic operations

The SimplePIR Family (2023–2026)

SimplePIR / DoublePIR

Field Value
Repo https://github.com/ahenzinger/simplepir
Stars 100
Language Go (~1,400 LOC)
License MIT
Throughput SimplePIR: 10 GB/s/core; DoublePIR: 7.4 GB/s/core
Paper USENIX Security 2023
Deep dive SimplePIR and DoublePIR

YPIR

Field Value
Source Blyss / UT Austin (Menon & Wu)
Year 2024
Venue USENIX Security 2024
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/270
Key innovation Silent preprocessing — eliminates hint download entirely
Throughput 12 GB/s/core (83% of memory bandwidth)
Preprocessing speedup 10–15× faster than SimplePIR family
CT log auditing 48× cost reduction vs prior art
Repos https://github.com/ahenzinger/tiptoe (Tiptoe uses YPIR concepts)

YPIR is the current throughput champion. By removing the hint requirement through silent preprocessing, it removes the primary deployment barrier of the SimplePIR family while maintaining or exceeding throughput. The 48× cost reduction for CT log auditing makes private CT auditing economically viable for the first time.

ThorPIR

Field Value
Source Yale (Fisch, Lazzaretti, Liu, Papamanthou)
Year 2024
Venue CCS 2024
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/482
Key innovation Sublinear server time AND sublinear offline communication via homomorphic Thorp shuffles
Note Addresses the "impractical homomorphic computation" problem of prior CP-PIR schemes

WhisPIR

Field Value
Source de Castro, Lewi, Suh
Year 2024
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/266
Key innovation Fully stateless PIR — ephemeral clients, no stored state
Communication Low per-query
Throughput ~1 GB/s (1 GB DB), ~1.15 GB/s (8 GB DB)
Implementation Not publicly available
Citations 17

VeriSimplePIR

Field Value
Source de Castro et al.
Year 2024
Venue USENIX Security 2024
Key innovation Verifiability at no online cost — guarantees consistency with a fixed database
Client storage >1 GiB for 8 GB DB (addressed by follow-up)
Follow-up "Verifiable PIR with Small Client Storage" (IEEE S&P 2026) — reduces client state by orders of magnitude; introduces covert vPIR for stateless clients
Citations 27

Respire

Field Value
Source Burton, Menon, Wu
Year 2024
Venue CCS 2024
Key innovation Optimized for databases with small records (~256 bytes)
Relevance Blockchain Merkle tree leaf queries

Hintless / Stateless PIR

hintless_pir (Google)

Field Value
Repo https://github.com/google/hintless_pir
Language C++
Build Bazel
Paper Li, Micciancio, Raykova, Schultz-Wu, "Hintless Single-Server PIR," CRYPTO 2024
Components hintless_simplepir, linpir, lwe, private_inference
Key innovation No client hints, no client-dependent server state, no interactive setup
DB update Client doesn't need to be involved in processing DB updates

This is Google's implementation of the hintless PIR paradigm. The private_inference directory suggests applications in privacy-preserving ML inference.

FrodoPIR (Brave)

Field Value
Repo https://github.com/brave-experiments/frodo-pir
Source Brave Browser experiments
Scheme Stateful single-server with offline phase
Features Highly configurable; suitable for experimentation

OnionPIR / OnionPIRv2

Field Value
Repo (v2) https://github.com/chenyue42/OnionPIRv2
Paper (v2) https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/1142
Scheme SHE-based single-server PIR
Key innovation (v2) Optimized implementation incorporating standard orthogonal techniques and engineering improvements
Citations 4

2025–2026 Frontier Implementations

Keyword PIR

ChalametPIR

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/092
Language Rust
Scheme Keyword PIR
WASM Browser-compatible client available

KPIR (USENIX Security 2025)

Field Value
Paper "Practical Keyword Private Information Retrieval from Key-to-Index Mappings"
Source USENIX Security 2025
PDF https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity25/sec25cycle1-prepub-1224-hao.pdf
Variants KPIRkvs (sparse KVS), KPIRhash (hash-based), KPIRindex (index-based)
Key innovation Generic transformation from keyword PIR to any standard (index) PIR using sparse key-value stores
Comparison Outperforms ChalametPIR for 2^20 entries with 32-byte records

Conflux (HPCA 2026)

Field Value
Source Shandong University (Chen et al.)
Venue HPCA 2026
URL https://2026.hpca-conf.org/details/hpca-2026-main-conference/28/
Key innovation Keyword PIR for dynamic datasets via protocol-architecture co-design with computational storage devices (CSDs)
Focus Reducing data movement through specialized hardware support

PIRacle (IEEE TC 2026)

Field Value
Source Shandong University (Chen et al.)
Venue IEEE Transactions on Computers, 2026
URL https://www.computer.org/csdl/journal/tc/2026/04/11359596/2dsHojHBHUs
Key innovation High-performance PIR for key-value stores

Hardware-Accelerated PIR

Aug 19 2026 update: the new published GPU ceiling is the TCHES 2026(3) DPF-PIR paper (Tan, Zeng, Feng, Peng, Wang, He — Wuhan/Shandong): 8.20–9.39× throughput over Lam et al. (ASPLOS 2024) on RTX 4090 for 2^19–2^24 databases; pipelined variant 1.14–1.87× with up to 99% lower memory; ≥2.27× over preprocessing-PIR baselines. Techniques: GPU-oriented DPF tree expansion, distribution-aware access with thread-level coalescing, CUDA reduction primitives. DOI: 10.46586/tches.v2026.i3.933-957. See PIR Wednesday — August 19 2026 Weekly Update.

GPIR (GPU)

Field Value
Source arXiv 2604.04696
Key innovation GPU-accelerated PIR, up to 305× throughput over prior GPU implementations
Compatibility Applicable to SimplePIR-family, Spiral, OnionPIRv2, and others with minimal modification

SmartPIR (MICRO 2025)

Field Value
Source Shandong University (Chen et al.)
Venue MICRO 2025 (CCF-A)
Key innovation PIR on computational storage devices (CSDs) — processing data near storage
Focus Reducing data movement bottleneck

IM-PIR (Processing-in-Memory)

Field Value
Source arXiv 2509.06514
Key innovation PIR using processing-in-memory (PIM) via DPUs
Focus Eliminating processor-memory data transfer bottleneck

Communication-Optimized PIR

FlashPIR

Field Value
Source Cybersecurity journal (Springer Nature)
Year 2026 (published May 21, 2026)
DOI 10.1186/s42400-026-00601-7
Authors Dai, Xiang, Qin, Deng, Zhang
Key innovation Low-latency FHE-based PIR with low client overhead; 2.6× over WhisPIR for 1 GB DB, 3.0× for 8 GB

ZipPIR

Field Value
Source arXiv 2603.09190 (March 2026)
Key innovation High-throughput without client storage AND without per-client server state
Note Addresses the resource constraints of limited client devices

VIA

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/2074
Venue To appear in IEEE S&P 2026
Authors Liu, Wang, Zhang
Key innovation Communication-efficient single-server PIR

InsPIRe

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/1352
Authors Mahdavi, Patel, Seo, Yeo
Key innovation Server-side preprocessing for communication-efficient PIR

Pirouette

Field Value
Venue FHE.org Conference 2026 (poster)
Authors Kang, Schild (COSIC, KU Leuven)
Key innovation Novel alternative to transciphering for reducing client-to-server communication

Improved TensorPIR

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/912
Authors Lv, Pan, Wang
Key innovation 45.5% communication reduction over original TensorPIR

Preprocessing-Optimized PIR

RotPIR

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1336
Authors Zhang, Bian, Guan, Persiano
Key innovation 1000× preprocessing speedup via oblivious homomorphic rotation
Note Addresses the preprocessing bottleneck of CP-PIR (preprocessing PIR) schemes

iSimplePIR

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/030
Authors Lu, Xu, Li, Wang, Cui
Key innovation First formal definition of single-server incremental PIR
Variants Entry-level (real-time individual entry updates) and Row-level
Use case Password breach detection with frequently updated databases

PIRCOR / RECPIR

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/756
Title "RECPIR: Communication-Optimal Hintless Single-Server PIR via Homomorphic Rotation"
Key innovation Rotation-optimized query expansion; highly parallel operation

Information-Theoretic & Foundational (2025–2026)

Henzinger & Ragavan Two-Server IT-PIR (EUROCRYPT 2026)

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/2008
Venue EUROCRYPT 2026 (DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-25330-9_3)
Authors Alexandra Henzinger, Seyoon Ragavan (MIT)
Servers 2 (non-colluding)
Security Information-theoretic (no crypto assumptions)
Key innovation First IT-PIR with quasilinear storage n^{1+o(1)} AND polynomially sublinear server time n^{1-Ω(1)}
Server storage 1.5·√(log₂ n)·n bits
Server time 12·n^0.82 bits probed per query
Improvement 4,500,000× smaller data structure than prior IT-PIR (BIM 2000)
Memory accesses 2,560× fewer than linear-time PIR
Communication 4.4 MB on 11 GB DB (reducible to n^0.31·poly(λ) with LHE)
DB tested 11 GB with 1-byte records
Technique Compact data structure for multivariate polynomial evaluation + Hasse derivatives via finite differences
Extends Also improves 3+ server PIR (building on Ghoshal et al. TCC 2025)

Bitansky & Mazor Secret-Key PIR from OWFs

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/865
Authors Nir Bitansky, Noam Mazor (NYU)
Category Foundations
Key innovation SK-PIR with Õ(√N) online communication from one-way functions alone
Assumption One-way functions (minimal)
Trade-off Client comm. Õ(N_c) × Server comm. Õ(N_s) where N_c · N_s ≥ N
Construction Garbled circuits with uncorrelated input encoding
Significance SK-PIR is fundamentally easier than public-key PIR — does not require lattice/DDH
Related Chen, Ishai, Mour, Rosen (STOC 2026) — SK-PIR from high-noise LPN with N^ε communication

Döttling Minicrypt Batch PIR

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/1406
Authors Nils Döttling
Servers 2 (non-colluding)
Setting Offline/online batch retrieval
Key innovation Two-server batch PIR from Minicrypt assumptions (no public-key crypto)
Citations 3

Doubly-Efficient Secret-Key PIR with Low Storage Overhead (Aug 2026)

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1480
Authors Caicai Chen (Bocconi/Bending Spoons), Yuval Ishai (Technion/AWS), Aayush Jain (CMU), Tamer Mour (IIAI), Alon Rosen (Bocconi), Chaoping Xing (SJTU)
Model Single server, secret-key preprocessing (stateless alternative to ORAM; SSE without access-pattern leakage)
Key innovation First doubly-efficient SK-PIR with constant storage overhead (asymptotically →1×); k^{o(1)} communication and online server work
Technique Permuted-code blueprint (BIPW/CHR TCC 2017) instantiated with new t-smooth LDCs — concatenated-curve Reed–Muller local decoder + curve-lifted codes
Benchmark 37 GB DB of 18-bit records at 4.2× storage overhead; server reads <600 KB per query
Significance First SK-PIR with concrete benchmarks; moves the SK-PIR line (Bitansky–Mazor 2026/865, Chen et al. STOC'26) from existence proof to engineering artifact
Deployment angle SK-PIR model maps onto wallet ↔ RPC-provider relationships (one-time preprocessing, then private queries)

SkrrtPIR — Doubly-Stateless Batch PIR (Oct 2026)

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/2385
IACR news https://iacr.org/news/item/30019 (Oct 8)
Authors Keewoo Lee (Ethereum Foundation) + Yongha Son (Sungshin Women's University)
History 2026-10-08 approved, 2026-10-06 received
Category Cryptographic protocols
Model Doubly-stateless Batch PIR — server stores no per-client state, client maintains no DB-dependent hint
Key innovation First doubly-stateless Batch PIR (prior concretely-efficient schemes required per-client server state, making queries linkable across sessions). Core technical ingredient: single-key RLWE unpacking that replaces the traditional tree-based approach (which requires logarithmically many Galois keys) with a linear walk over a cyclic Galois subgroup requiring only a single Galois key
Comparison point Natural baseline of "send fresh evaluation keys with each batch query" (the pre-SkrrtPIR status quo)
Significance The Ethereum Foundation PIR research line is now publishing at one paper per week (2026/1959 Sep 13 → 2026/2412 Oct 8 → 2026/2385 Oct 6). Composes with RisePIR's incremental-keyword-PIR (2026/2082 Sep 18) for stateless-batch-private Ethereum RPC. Maps directly to wallet-deployment constraints (no per-client server state, no client-side DB hint)
Code None published as of Oct 14

Barely Sublinear RAM-FHE from Plain LWE (Oct 2026)

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/2412
Author Keewoo Lee (Ethereum Foundation) — sole author
History 2026-10-11 approved, 2026-10-08 received
Category Foundations
Key innovation First RAM-FHE from plain (unstructured) LWE; per-step o(N/log N) time. Prior Lin–Mook–Wichs STOC 2023 used Ring-LWE. Built by extending a DEPIR-from-plain-LWE-in-the-standard-model — the 4th DEPIR (after YPIR USENIX Sec'24, LMW STOC'23, Lee's CRYPTO 2026). The CRS-removal is the primary technical contribution
Significance Plain LWE is the conservative post-quantum assumption (Ring-LWE has a known history of subfield attacks; plain LWE has held up to the longest sustained cryptanalytic effort). A RAM-FHE from plain LWE is the most conservatively post-quantum-secure RAM-FHE to date. The DEPIR-from-plain-LWE in the standard model may be of independent interest
Code None published as of Oct 14

Arithmetic PIR: Why Code-Based PIR (Usually) Fails — CRYPTO 2026

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1224
Venue CRYPTO 2026 (Santa Barbara, Aug 17–20 2026); presented by Shahar Shechter
Authors Benny Applebaum (TAU), Yuval Ishai (Technion/AWS), Shahar Shechter (TAU)
Main result Negative: no single-server arithmetic PIR (APIR) achieves non-trivial download < n field elements
Attack Breaks Holzbaur et al. (ISIT'20) and Verma–Hollanti (ISIT'24) code-based PIR "within a few minutes on a standard workstation" for all suggested parameters
Positive results Two-server APIR from DPF arithmetization (Boyle et al. CCS'16); SK-preprocessing APIR via Chen et al. STOC'26; IT two-server APIR at O(n^{1/3}) communication
Impact Closes the code-based single-server PIR direction; PQ-friendly PIR must go lattice-CPIR or DPF-arithmetized

UC-Secure Verifiable & Updatable PIR (Aug 2026)

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1651
Key innovation First universally composable definition of single-server verifiable PIR (ideal VPIR functionality); proves game-based VPIR fails under composition
UVPIR Updatable VPIR: updates authorized by permissioned clients; responses bound to a specific database version; black-box from any VPIR
Realizations Trivial PIR and VeriSimplePIR (de Castro & Lee, USENIX Security 2024)
Significance Merges verifiability + updates + composable security — the formalism needed to embed PIR in wallets/agent stacks as a building block

Updatable OKVS + PIR Multi-Key Searchable Encryption (Aug 2026)

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1590
Key innovation UOKVS: updatable oblivious key-value store with fine-grained access control; first oblivious-insertion analysis for Cuckoo hashing
Application Multi-key searchable encryption without data replication across users — 0.6 s WAN queries (100-doc keywords) on 24M-entry Enron dataset at 3.1× storage
PIR backend FrodoPIR — rare production-oriented benchmark of Brave's deployment-oriented scheme

McEliece Distinguisher from Failed PIR Research (Aug 2026)

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1630
Authors Ashrujit Ghoshal (IIT Madras), Yuval Ishai, Aayush Jain (CMU), Nuozhou Sun (CMU)
Result Classical quasipolynomial (n^{O(log n)}) distinguisher for Goppa–McEliece public keys; applies to all Classic McEliece NIST parameter sets; extends heuristically to message recovery
PIR connection Attack originated from a failed attempt to build doubly-efficient PIR from algebraic locally decodable codes; "can be intuitively explained from the PIR perspective"
Cross-links HQC, PQC migration files — code-based PQC inherits the scrutiny

Fewer-Server PIR & Quantum Ceiling (Jul 2026)

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1515 (Gupta et al.) — s-server PIR with exp(O((log n)^{1/s} (log log n)^{1-1/s})) communication using only s servers (was 2^{O(s)}); unconditional for s ≤ 15; main result discovered in a GPT-5.5 Pro conversation
QPIR https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1524 (Ananth et al.) — single-server quantum PIR with polylog communication from post-quantum one-way functions (Kerenidis–Wolf ⨯ Gilboa–Ishai DPF)
SoK https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1544 — first systematization of confidential transformer inference + RAG covering the retrieval layer; no family dominates; private graph-RAG least served

UIUC PIR Survey

Field Value
ePrint https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1135
Authors Pranav Shriram Arunachalaramanan, Yue Chen, Ling Ren (UIUC)
Type Tutorial and survey
Coverage IT-PIR, CPIR, preprocessing, stateful, keyword PIR, batch PIR, concrete efficiency, paradigm selection
Value Best newcomer entry point as of August 2026

IVE Custom PIR Accelerator (Kim et al. 2026)

Field Value
Authors Kim et al.
Year 2026
Key innovation Custom accelerator architecture for single-server HE-based PIR with multi-client batching
Features Large on-chip scratchpads, tightly scheduled execution
Note Referenced in GPIR paper as baseline. Implementation not publicly available.

Dynamic MKFHE PIR (MDPI Electronics 2025)

Field Value
Journal Electronics (MDPI), 2025
URL https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/17/3441
Key innovation PIR via Multi-Key FHE (MKFHE) supporting multiple data owners
Features Dynamic database updates; polynomial ring encoding with automorphism transforms
Focus Collaborative multi-party computation scenarios

Multi-Server / Specialized

mpc4j (Alibaba)

Field Value
Repo https://github.com/alibaba-edu/mpc4j
Contents Incremental/offline-online PIR, MPC primitives
Note Comprehensive MPC library with PIR components

hybridpir

Field Value
Repo https://github.com/KoffeinFlummi/hybridpir
Key innovation Combines multi-server IT-PIR (CIP-PIR) with single-server CPIR (SealPIR)

Piano

Field Value
Venue IEEE S&P 2024
Authors Zhou, Park, Shi, Zheng
Key innovation Extremely simple single-server PIR with sublinear server computation
Note Requires streaming entire database to client during preprocessing

Tiptoe

Field Value
Repo https://github.com/ahenzinger/tiptoe
Stars 56
Venue SOSP 2023
Application Private web search using PIR
Architecture Two non-colluding servers (ranking + URL services)
Client state ~57 MiB

Survey and Reference Resources

Resource URL
UIUC PIR Tutorial and Survey (NEW Aug 2026) https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1135
Stanford PIR Library https://crypto.stanford.edu/pir-library/
UT Austin PIR Tutorial (Wu 2024) https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~dwu4/talks/PIRGeneral0624.pdf
IACR ePrint PIR category https://eprint.iacr.org/complete/ (filter "private information retrieval")
PSE Ethereum PIR project https://pse.dev/blog/ethereum-privacy-pir
Sharded PIR for Ethereum (ethresear.ch) https://ethresear.ch/t/sharded-pir-design-for-the-ethereum-state/24552
Kohaku roadmap https://notes.ethereum.org/@niard/KohakuRoadmap
EF Q1 2026 Allocations https://blog.ethereum.org/2026/04/29/allocation-q1-26

Repo Watch Snapshot (verified 2026-10-14)

Repo Stars Last Push Note
ethereum/kohaku 402 2026-10-07 W42 cycle: only new PR is #316 (Oct 7) "feat(privacy-pools): account history"; open PRs: #316 + #312 (Oct 3 zipcoin deployment) + #258 (Sep 17 PP v2 SDK); 7 PRs/commits in W42 window, none PIR-tagged
apple/swift-homomorphic-encryption 655+ 2026-10-12 5-PR merge cluster on main Sep 25 → Oct 12 (largest of 2026): #332 Sep 25 + #335 + #337 + #333 Oct 7 + #334 + #336 Oct 12. All 4 substantive W41 PRs by @deadcaf3 (Karl Tarbe, GPG 9AAD1BD8BE87E79A = same engineer as @karulont). No v1.0.8 release tag yet (day 133 since v1.0.7 Jun 3)
google/hintless_pir 23 2026-07-23 steady maintenance
menonsamir/spiral-rs 18 2026-03-19 dormant since March
itzmeanjan/ChalametPIR 16 2025-07-11 dormant 13+ months
brave-experiments/frodo-pir 78 2024-01-10 deployment reference, frozen
ahenzinger/simplepir 101 2023-01-13 research reference
ahenzinger/finite-diffs-pir 0 2026-05-01 EUROCRYPT 2026 IT-PIR reference
a16z/helios 2,175+ 2026-06-26 Kohaku reference wallet's verified-reads client
orochi-network/orochimaru 80 2026-07-10 95 days silent as of Oct 14; last commit 95f95bd "constraints/permutation_circuit.rs: PermutationCircuit::new_with_seeds" by bao-ninh-orochi + on-unknown-fish; RisePIR source code still not publicly auditable (the orochimaru release that Sep 23 / Sep 30 / Oct 7 sweeps predicted has not materialized)
orochi-network/cuckoo-filter-rs — — 404 (no public repo) as of Oct 14 — the RisePIR paper's primary artifact
sidsabh/sandwichpir 2 2026-08-28 47 days silent since reference implementation; 2 stars / 0 forks / 0 issues / 0 PRs; v0.1.0 tag Aug 25 the only release; hardware moat (CUDA 12.4 + L40S + CUTLASS 3.5.1 + saturating-int8 patch) unchanged

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2026-10-14
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