Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems
- zk-SNARKs - Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments of Knowledge — compact proofs verifiable in milliseconds
- Bulletproofs - Short proofs for confidential values without trusted setup (Bünz et al., 2018)
- Halo 2 - Recursive proof composition without trusted setup, used in Zcash Orchard
- Circom & SnarkJS - Domain-specific language and toolchain for writing and verifying zk-SNARK circuits
- Arkworks - Rust ecosystem for programming and composing zk-SNARK protocols
- Zilch - STARK framework for scalable, transparent zero-knowledge arguments without trusted setup
ZK Rollups & Scaling
- zkSync Era - ZK rollup on Ethereum supporting smart contracts with native account abstraction
- Scroll - Bytecode-level compatible ZK rollup for Ethereum using proof of correctness
- Polygon zkEVM - Open-source ZK rollup offering EVM equivalence
- Starknet - Layer-2 network using STARK proofs for scalable dApp computation
- Starknet 2025 Review - BTC staking, BTCFi, and privacy developments
- Mina Protocol - Minimal-blockchain using recursive SNARKs to maintain a constant 22KB chain
- Taiko - Fully decentralized Ethereum-equivalent ZK rollup with zero code changes for Ethereum dApps
- Taiko Shasta Upgrade - April 2026 upgrade with up to 22x lower costs for block proposers
- Aztec Network - Privacy-first ZK rollup with private smart contracts using Noir language
- Linea - ConsenSys zkEVM L2 rollup with EVM-equivalence and native ETH yield (September 2025 token)
- Manta Network - Modular ZK rollup with Universal Circuits for privacy-preserving applications
Privacy-Focused ZK
- Aztec Documentation - Developer guides for private smart contracts on Ethereum’s privacy-first zkRollup
- Tornado Cash - Non-custodial Ethereum privacy solution using ZK proofs (note: sanctioned by OFAC)
- Nocturne - Privacy protocol using ZK proofs for shielded Ethereum transactions
- Zcash - Privacy-preserving cryptocurrency using zk-SNARKs (Halo 2)
ZK Identity & Credentials
- Polygon ID - ZK identity protocol for privacy-preserving verification on blockchain
- zkPass - Privacy-preserving identity verification using ZK proofs and TLS
- anon-aadhaar - ZK protocol to prove possession of Aadhaar (Indian ID) without revealing identity
- Semaphore - Generic ZK privacy layer for anonymous group membership proofs and signaling
- MACI - Minimal Anti-Collusion Infrastructure for private, anti-bribery on-chain voting
- Dock Wallet - Self-sovereign identity platform guide (2026)
ZK Frameworks & Libraries
Hardware & Trusted Execution
- MPC-Circuits - Hardware-accelerated ZK for secure multi-party computation
Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machines (zkVM)
- RISC Zero - Zero-knowledge verifiable general computing platform emulating RISC-V (17K stars)
- Jolt - a16z’s fast, extensible RISC-V zkVM using sumcheck and lookup arguments
- Nexus zkVM - Modular, prover-optimized zkVM written in Rust (3.5K stars)
- SP1 - Succinct’s zkVM achieving real-time Ethereum proving (4.5K stars)
- OpenVM - Modular zkVM framework for custom instructions, Rust frontends, and Ethereum verification
- Valida zkVM - Archived STARK-based zkVM focused on code reuse, performance, and modularity
- awesome-zkvm - Curated list of zkVM projects and resources
- Kohaku Wallet - Ethereum Foundation reference wallet embedding on-chain privacy through the Kohaku SDK
- Kohaku - Ethereum Foundation privacy-first tooling monorepo for Railgun, Privacy Pools, provider abstraction, and PQ accounts
- Privacy Pools Core - ZK contracts, circuits, relayer, and SDK for approved-set private Ethereum transfers
- Privacy Pools - Ethereum privacy pool prototype using zero-knowledge proofs and association sets
Resources